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Unit 6. Velotyping. Element 2. Meta linguistic skills.

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Turning non-verbal elements into verbal.

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Type punctuation while keeping the pace of the speaker.

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On completion of this training sequence...

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you will be able to produce
coherent text while typing

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by extracting and combining the information
conveyed with the speakers’ material.

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identify which non-verbal elements
need to be turned into verbal

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for each LTA trained working context

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by applying techniques like changing colours
or font-size or inserting labels.

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type punctuation while keeping the pace of the speaker.

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This is the agenda of this presentation.

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I will first recall the skills of the velotypist

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 to then concentrate on the meta-linguistic skills

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with a focus on the typing of punctuation

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which is essential during a typing performance

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because it improves texts’ functionality

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in terms of accuracy, readability
and legibility of transcripts.

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I will finally focus on main punctuation characters

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that you will be requested to practice along the course

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to develop, reinforce,
and maintain the skill at hand.

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The challenging speaker.

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As you have seen a velotypist
has to do many things at the same time.

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In Element2 LO1 we have dealt with Meta-linguistic skills

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meaning all those skills related
to being able to improve textual

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verbalization and typing skills
at the same time

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which is another set of skills a velotypist has to possess.

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In particular, for a velotypist to be able
and become a professional in the field

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he or she has also to be able to process and guarantee

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a good functionality of the final product

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thus to guarantee accuracy,
readability and legibility of the text produced.

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This all involves firstly and foremost
the ability of the velotypist

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to perform a good analysis, synthesis
and reformulation of the speaker’s discourse.

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While you can only develop these competences
by the time

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and thanks to ad hoc exercises

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 you may be interested in knowing
how this meta-linguistic skill works.

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Indeed, this is exactly what we are going to see
in the next section.

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In this Element, Element 2,
we will deal with the typing of punctuation.

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Functionality of the text.

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As we know, and as in any multitasking process

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which involves doing different things at the same time

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in typing, two main types of skills
are involved:

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understanding, aimed at comprehending the source text

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and typing, aimed at making the most
out of understanding under stressful conditions

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and with a reduced processing capacity than usual.

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Typing punctuation while keeping the pace of the speaker

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is another important skill in order to render
the functionality of the final typed text.

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Important to such a good performance

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are the ability to understand
the communicative intention of the source message

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to understand the red thread of the discourse

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 the capacity to select and produce the relevant information

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and to divide between main and secondary ideas

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and to deliver an accurate punctuation.

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More, the capacity to identify the discourse connectors

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 while deducing meaning through context
and extra-linguistic elements.

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Last but not least

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the ability to condense information

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and to segment information in sense units.

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This is the result of a good mix of accuracy,
readability, and legibility

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of the text produced as a final text.

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In the case of typing

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the most common method used
to evaluate the quality of subtitles

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produced in real time consists of assessing accuracy.

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Needless to say

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where quality is concerned there are also
a number of other features to be considered

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such as delay, positioning,
character identification and speed

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as well as factors relating to their reception by readers

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i.e. comprehension and perception.

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Readability is about arranging words
and groups of words in a way

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that allows the readers eye to access the content easily

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and in a way that makes sense.

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It’s important to understand
what makes one typeface more legible than another.

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But basically, legibility is the quality deriving from a text

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which can be read and understood without much effort

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 also meaning that the message can fully and immediately
reach the recipient.

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And the main rules to follow when typing the text
are typing in an orderly manner

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while still keeping the pace of the speaker

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and making sentences which are not too long.

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Punctuation plays a paramount role in this structuring of the text.

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Type punctuation.

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We have already highlighted that using punctuation in typing

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improves the readability and usability of transcripts.

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As a fact, punctuation, used in the right place

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significantly improves the readability of transcripts

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and reduces the time it takes to edit them.

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It is the use of special marks to enable readers

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to understand a piece of writing.

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Good punctuation follows the rhythms of speech

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 telling the reader to pause at the right points

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and to organize the information in the document that he or she is reading.

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It reduces misunderstandings and makes the writing clear.

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But how important is punctuation, really

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and which are the most commonly used punctuation characters
in real-time subtitling?

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We’re now going to dive into its importance in transcription

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describing how we intend and how we use punctuation.

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First of all, it is important to highlight

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that punctuation marks fall under the domains

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of both verbal communication and non-verbal communication

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 which includes any communication act except speech.

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In particular, full-stop, comma, exclamation mark and question mark

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are the marks used within the real-time subtitled communication context

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and other signs are those used for the non-verbal communication.

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Specifically for the non-verbal communication context

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what I will explain will be a general overview

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but it is important to bear in mind that the use of punctuation marks

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depends on the country of reference

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meaning that in different countries we make a different use of the punctuation marks.

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While, on the other hand

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the punctuation marks pertaining to the verbal communication

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are generally shared in their use.

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A full-stop marks the end of a complete sentence

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that is not a question or an exclamation.

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It looks like other marks

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such as decimal points and abbreviation points in acronyms

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but it does a different job.

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It ends a unit of sense

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and marks a similar, but longer, pause in the reading process
than commas do.

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When typing, you can also use periods at the end of phrases

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that are not full sentences.

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For example:

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I like to break my writing up.
You know.

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Obviously, in typing, subtitles and lines are to be broken at logical points.

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The ideal line-break will be at a piece of punctuation

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like a full stop,
more than a comma.

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If the break has to be elsewhere in the sentence

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the velotypist avoids splitting
the following parts of speech:

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Article and noun.

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That is: the + table, a + book.

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Preposition and following phrase.

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That is: on + the table; in + a way; about + his life.

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Conjunction and following phrase or clause.

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That is: and + those books; but + I went there.

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Pronoun and verb.

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That is: he + is; they + will come; it + comes.

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Parts of a complex verb.

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That is: have + eaten; will + have + been + doing.

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Commas break sentences up into smaller parts

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that are easier to understand.

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They signify natural pauses

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segregate pieces of information

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and separate items in a list,
whether nouns or adjectives.

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Pausing for Breath.

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You can use a comma to insert a natural break

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between two parts of a sentence

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or to join two short sentences.

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For example:

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He ran down the street as fast as he could,
and tripped over his shoelaces.

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Here, the comma together with "and"

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joins the two sentences

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"He ran down the street as fast as he could"

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and "He tripped over his shoelaces.".

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Commas of this kind reflect the fact

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that you sometimes need to pause your train of thought

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to make sense of the words.

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Inserting additional information.

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Commas are also useful when you want
to insert groups of words

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that add new information to a sentence

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 but which don't change its basic meaning.

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For example:

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Michael, who was taller than James,
was the eldest of the children.

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"Michael was the eldest of the children"
makes sense on its own

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but commas allow you to add the fact that
"Michael was taller than James"

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without simply sticking it awkwardly
on the end of the sentence.

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Separating items in lists.

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You can also use commas to separate items in lists.

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One fixed rule is that lists of three or more items

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need a comma between the first and second items.

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A comma is also needed between the second and third items

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if the list has four items, and so on.

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The exclamation point is a mark of punctuation
in verbal communication.

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To be effective

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the exclamation point should be used in moderation.

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At the end of a sentence

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the exclamation point is a mark of terminal punctuation.

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As such, it should not be followed by a period or question mark.

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Some will use both a question mark and exclamation point
for an exclamatory question

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but only the exclamation point is truly necessary.

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For example:

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What in the world are you doing up there!

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The question mark is used
at the end of a direct question.

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Indirect questions take a period.

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For example:

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What is she doing tonight?

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OR I wonder what she’s doing tonight.

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When a direct question occurs within a larger sentence

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it takes a question mark.

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Note in the example:

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Would they make it on time?
she wondered.

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The colon has grammatical uses but also non grammatical uses.

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Grammatically, it is used to introduce a list of items.

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For example:

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The bookstore specializes in three subjects:
art, architecture, and graphic design.

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In real-time subtitling,
and as for the non-grammatical uses

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the colon is used in order to introduce a direct speech

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which cannot be turned into indirect speech.

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For example:

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She said: What’s your name?

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Instead of she asked what her name was.

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Moreover, colon is used for quoting citations

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only in some countries among which is Italy.

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Other countries use quotation marks, instead.

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As for the non verbal communication

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again, it is important to remark that what I will explain
will be a general overview.

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However, it is important to bear in mind that the use of punctuation marks

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depends on the country
the real-time subtitler works for

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meaning that in different countries
she or he makes a different use of the punctuation marks.

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While, on the other hand

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 the punctuation marks pertaining to the verbal communication

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are generally shared in their use.

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The non verbal communication punctuation marks
may include:

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parentheses, in Italy

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or brackets, in UK and USA

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quotation marks, ellipses, in Italy

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or dashes, in UK

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and other signs always according to the country in question

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for example the angle brackets.

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We will now see these signs

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the so-called paragraphematic signs
for non verbal communication.

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The parentheses indicate additional information or concepts

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which are different from the spoken discourse.

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Important to say is that bracketed information

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should be an addition, not a substitution.

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For example: (Michael laughs)

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intends to pass the concept that besides the verbal speech

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something is happening

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which cannot be typed directly by the real-time subtitler.

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Also, if a quotation includes a foreign word or phrase

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that might not be understood

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parenthese provide a translation
to better understand the meaning of the whole sentence.

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For example:
I seldom spoke in French class.

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When I did, I usually just said
je ne sais pas (I don’t know).

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Quotation marks clarify written language
for both readers and writers

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by marking quotations, titles, translations

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 and other words and phrases.

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In typing, quotation marks perform
the following basic functions:

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Enclose direct quotations.

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Direct quotations are quotations
that are repeated verbatim.

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For example:

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President Franklin Roosevelt said:

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“The United States of America have been
suddenly and deliberately attacked

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by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan”.

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Titles of works.

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Use quotation marks with titles of works
and parts of wholes.

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For example:

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The first chapter in Harry Potter
and the Sorcerer’s Stone is

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“The Boy Who Lived”.

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Highlight novel uses of words and phrases.

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Use quotation marks around words and phrases

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to indicate a special sense of use.

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For example:

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The motherboard is sometimes considered
the “brain” of a computer.

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Again, there is an important note to make here.

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in Italy, quotation marks are not used to cite,
rather velotypists use colon

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in other countries they are used
instead with these different uses.

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An ellipsis is a set of three periods

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indicating an omission.

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It is also used for omitted material within a quoted sentence.

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For example:

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Jean argues that by simplifying one’s life

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laws of the universe will appear less complex ...

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At the same time

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dashes are used in the place of ellipses

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to mean that someone has been interrupted while speaking.

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Again, a specific difference for the anglosaxon countries.

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After this overview

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 a real-time subtitler should bear in mind

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the concept that verbal communication
and non verbal communication

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are featured by several and different punctuation marks.

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The fundamentals in this distinction is

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that verbal marks of punctuation are almost shared in all countries

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while they are country-specific
in non verbal communication

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and can change accordingly.

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Summary.

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In this LO we have introduced
the main competence of the velotypist

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the meta-linguistic skill in the form of typing of punctuation

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as one important feature guaranteeing
the functionality of a text in typing.

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In particular we have dealt with two important aspects

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a theoretical one that is the text functionality

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whose characteristics are accuracy,
readability and legibility

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and a more practical one

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on the use of the most important punctuation characters
used by the velotypist

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both for verbal and non verbal communication

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in order to deliver an optimal target text to the reader.

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This, too, has to become a mechanic
and automatized action when typing.

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To do so, typing punctuation
is the exercise to start with.

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In the homework session

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we will see how to do this in practice.